![]() ![]() By using the computer, chess is played in better conditions because there is no space limit for people involved in the tournament. Compared to other sports, the game of chess can be played on the Internet, so physical presence does not limit its development. Every single move represents a decision that cannot be changed and therefore the ability to concentrate and maintain attention for a limited period of time is essential. The role of attention in chess is obvious because the game is an ongoing battle between two players whose main purpose is to checkmate the opponent’s king. Our results speak to the role of schemas and abnormality in expertise the necessity for spatially localized abnormalities versus abnormalities in the gist in enhancing memory and the nature of memory and decision-making in radiologists. ![]() However, radiologists showed no memory benefit for images of the breast that were not focally abnormal, but were only abnormal in their gist. We find that experts have enhanced memory for focally abnormal images relative to normal images. We also test for any additional advantage for abnormal mammograms that can be thought of as unexpected or rare stimuli in screening. We ask whether, relative to novices, expert radiologists show improved memory for mammograms. Abnormality in mammograms is typically focal but can be perceived in the global “gist” of the image. In the current work, we ask how these factors interact in a particularly interesting case-the domain of radiology, where experts actively search for abnormalities. This occurs, in part, because such images are distinctive relative to other images. On the other hand, in most situations, people tend to remember abnormal or surprising items best-those that are also rare or out-of-the-ordinary occurrences (e.g., surprising-but not random-chess board configurations). ![]() Consistent with this, expertise tends to improve memory: Experts have elaborated schemas in their domains of expertise, allowing them to efficiently represent information in this domain (e.g., chess experts have enhanced memory for realistic chess layouts). Memories are encoded in a manner that depends on our knowledge and expectations (“schemas”). ![]()
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March 2023
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